ISJ - International STEM Journal is an international peer review journal published twice a year (June and December) by Centre For Foundation Studies In Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Its publishes articles and research papers concerning STEM and STEM education which includes Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. ISJ employs a double-blind review process and the purpose of this journal is to share knowledge about STEM learning and strengthen the science and mathematics education. Scope : STEM and STEM Education. E ISSN : 2785-857X In collaboration : National STEM Association, MALAYSIA and UM STEM Centre, MALAYSIA.
CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES IN SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
A Simple Protocol for Initial Micropropagation of Musa acuminata cv. Berangan (AAA)
This study presents an observational investigation into the in vitro propagation of Musa acuminata cv. Berangan (AAA), conducted during a 15-week industrial training program at the Plant Biotechnology Incubator Unit (PBIU), Universiti Malaya. Growth progression, contamination rates, and aseptic practices were evaluated during initiation and multiplication stages. Two culture batches, Batch 1 and Batch 2 were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), achieving clean culture rates of 89.6% and 98.6%, respectively. The findings highlight contamination sources and emphasize the importance of strict aseptic handling, accurate media preparation, and systematic monitoring to enhance micropropagation efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 International STEM Journal
Can Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) Bridge the Gap?
Educational fairness is the common pursuit of human society. It is an important foundation of social fairness. There is an inherent and inevitable connection between education and technology. Currently, the situation of global educational inequality is severe, while technology-driven educational innovation has great potential. The emergence of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) technology is influencing and will continue to influence the field of education. This influence will promote the development of educational fairness in many ways, such as shaping a fair environment inside and outside education, spreading the concept of fairness and justice, replicating high-quality classroom resources, making up for the shortage of excellent teacher resources, and meeting students' personalized learning needs. However, the role of AIGC technology also has limitations in promoting educational fairness. This study explores the relationship between educational fairness and AIGC from the perspective of educational fairness, aiming to provide guidance for its subsequent application and help achieve the goal of educational fairness.
An Exploration of Topic-wise Mastery in Mathematics and its Relationship with Students’ Motivation, Perception, and Interest.
This study investigates the heterogeneity of topic-wise mastery in mathematics and its relationship with affective factors among Malaysian secondary school students. Despite documented national weaknesses in international assessments such as PISA (PISA 2022 Results (Volume I), 2023) it remains unclear which specific curriculum topics pose the greatest challenges. Using a quantitative design, the achievement of 50 Form 2 students was assessed across five core mathematical domains: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics, Probability, and Straight Lines. Affective factors, including Motivation, Perception, and Interest, were measured via a survey questionnaire. Repeated Measures ANOVA revealed a highly significant main effect of topic on student achievement (p < 9.255×10⁻³¹). Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that affective factors were not statistically significant predictors of achievement for any individual topic. These findings highlight the necessity of a topic-wise diagnostic approach and suggest that extrinsic, structural factors, such as instructional quality, are the dominant influences on topic-wise success, calling for targeted pedagogical interventions in abstract domains.
Enhancing STEM Interest and Science Stream Enrolment Among B40 Students in Rural Pahang, Malaysia through the STEMA Garden Module
STEM education is essential for future career readiness, yet rural B40 students in Pahang, Malaysia face challenges in accessing engaging and practical learning opportunities. This case study examines the STEMA Garden Module, an initiative designed to increase students' awareness of agriculture’s economic value, impart agricultural science and entrepreneurship knowledge, and enhance STEM and art interest through hands-on agricultural activities. Implemented at SMK Sg Lembing, Kuantan, the program engaged 82 Form 1 students, 7 teachers, and 17 university mentors, integrating an IoT-powered fertigation system, plant management, and agribusiness training. A mixed-methods approach was used, including pre- and post program surveys and teacher interviews. Findings revealed improvements were recorded in general interest in STEM education (Q1, p = 0.0011), the intention to further one’s studies in STEM (Q2,p = 0.0336), excitement and readiness to engage in hands-on activities (Q5, p = 0.0017), interest in learning how to think creatively to solve real-life problems (Q11, p = 0.0169), and interest in learning science and entrepreneurship to become an agropreneur (Q12, p 0.0093). The thematic analysis of teacher reflections highlighted technology-driven learning, project-based teaching, improved student engagement, entrepreneurial mindset development, and school-wide STEM transformation as key outcomes. Students gained practical exposure to agricultural technology and entrepreneurship, leading to their first harvest of 8.127 kg of chili, generating RM229.00 in revenue. Despite challenges such as fungal infections and WiFi interruptions affecting the IoT fertigation system, students demonstrated adaptability and problem-solving skills. This study highlights the potential of agriculture-based STEM education in fostering engagement, interdisciplinary learning, and real-world applications among rural area students. The STEMA Garden Module serves as a scalable model for integrating STEM with agriculture and entrepreneurship, making STEM education more accessible and relevant. Future implementations should explore long-term impact assessment and technological advancements to further enhance learning outcomes and STEM career aspirations.
SMS Spam Detection Using Machine Learning Approach
Currently, as the popularity of mobile phones has increased, Short Message Service (SMS) has grown tremendously. The minimal cost of messaging services has increased spam or unsolicited messages sent to mobile phones. There are differences between spam filtering for text messages and emails. Emails have a set of big datasets, while the actual databases for SMS spam are very limited. Because of the small size of text messages, the features used for classification are smaller than the equivalent number in emails. Text messages consist of abbreviations and have less formal language than that of emails. Short Message Services (SMS) spam has become a pressing issue in mobile communication, disrupting user experiences and posing privacy threats. This study develops a useful system for identifying spam messages in SMS communications. It presents a machine learning-based framework for detecting SMS spam, utilizing a Multi Layer classifier. This is aimed at tackling the problem of spam messages in SMS communications through the development of a robust and efficient spam detection system. This entails a data preprocessing procedure to prepare the raw SMS dataset. The TF-IDF technique was used to handle feature extraction to represent the text data numerically. This enables the model to capture relevant characteristics distinguishing spam from non-spam messages. The model was trained using the preprocessed data and evaluated through cross-validation. The results highlight the scalability and reliability of this approach, providing a practical solution for enhancing SMS spam detection systems and improving user security in mobile communication, employing the multi-layer classifier for an effective spam detection system, ensuring the models' optimal performance while preventing overfitting to deliver a comprehensive solution to the persistent issue of SMS spam.
Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for IoT Smart Metering Networks: Challenges and Solutions
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized industries by enabling automation, real time data exchange, and smart decision making. However, its increased connectivity introduces cybersecurity threats, particularly in smart metering networks, which play a crucial role in monitoring and optimizing energy consumption. This paper explores the challenges associated with securing IoT-based smart metering networks and proposes a Machine Learning (ML)-based Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) for safeguarding edge devices. The study reviews various intrusion detection approaches, highlighting the strengths and limitations of both signature based and anomaly-based detection techniques. The integration of ML-based IDPS in IoT smart metering networks significantly improves security by enhancing anomaly detection accuracy and reducing false positives. Advanced models like SVM, CNN, and CNN LSTM effectively detect threats such as DoS, spoofing, and abnormal usage patterns across network layers. These systems also support real-time monitoring and adapt to evolving attacks, increasing system resilience. However, most models are tested on outdated datasets and overlook deployment challenges on resource-constrained devices. Therefore, lightweight and scalable solutions are needed to ensure effective, energy-efficient protection in real-world smart metering environments.
A Resilient and Energy-Efficient Smart Metering Infrastructure Utilizing a Self-Organizing UAV Swarm
The effective and secure gathering of energy consumption data has become essential as smart cities develop. High costs, safety hazards, and data latency are some of the enduring issues that traditional smart metering infrastructures (SMIs), which depend on manual data acquisition, must deal with. In this paper, a novel SMI architecture for autonomous, energy-efficient, and resilient smart meter data collection is presented, utilizing a self-organizing swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). To guarantee system dependability, our design integrates a hierarchical drone network with leader and slave drones, backed by strong communication protocols and dynamic task reallocation mechanisms. The system's scalability, low latency, and fault tolerance are confirmed by means of comprehensive OPNET-based simulations and real-world use-case modelling, which includes COVID-19 testing applications. To extend operational lifespan, the suggested system also incorporates a battery sizing strategy and an energy consumption model. The findings show that UAV swarms can significantly improve SMI performance and resilience, which is a big step toward smarter and greener urban infrastructure.
STEM Edutourism Exploring Impacts on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Motivation via the Malaysia-Singapore Science Field Trip
This study investigates the impact of a four-day Malaysia-Singapore science field trip on enhancing STEM engagement among educators, students, and stakeholders. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected via structured surveys with quantitative Likert-scale items and qualitative open-ended questions. Quantitative data was analyzed with SPSS, while qualitative themes were extracted using a word cloud tool. The findings reveal significant positive outcomes in three areas: STEM knowledge, attitudes, and motivation. Participants reported enhanced understanding of advanced technologies, innovative teaching methods, and real-world STEM applications. They also expressed greater interest in STEM, a willingness to explore new areas, and recognition of STEM's importance in shaping the future. The trip also increased participants’ motivation to apply their knowledge, engage in STEM activities, and inspire others. A key element of the trip was the comparative exposure to Malaysia's potential for STEM growth and Singapore's advanced technological infrastructure. This cross-border perspective encouraged participants to reflect on diverse approaches to STEM development and their roles in advancing it. Overall, STEM edutourism, through immersive and comparative experiences, proved effective in enhancing engagement with STEM. By integrating hands-on learning and exposure to real-world applications, such initiatives inspire motivation and a commitment to STEM innovation.
Copyright (c) 2024 International STEM Journal
Effectiveness of 5E-Flipped Classroom in Facilitating Higher Order Thinking Skills in Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi (RBT) subject among Year 4 Students
Previous studies and government documents made it abundantly evident that Malaysian students lacked High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). In line with that, the aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of 5E-Flipped Classroom approach on the tendency of students to acquire HOTS as outlined in Taxonomy Bloom. The basis of theoretical foundation of the study is based on Constructivist Theory by Vygotsky views. It is a quantitative study, data collection was obtained through questionnaires, which were distributed randomly to 92 students selected from three schools in Bangsar zone. The data obtained from the research were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The outcome of this study is the 5E-Flipped Classroom enhanced students’ HOTS in the dimensions of problem solving, critical thinking and creative thinking. Implementing mixed method which are quantitative and qualitative data collection methods and teachers` perspectives should be the focus of future research. The result implication shows students engaged in HOTS. The items measured in the questionnaire are evidence that the 5E-Flipped Classroom strategy impacted students to use the technology, proclivity to adopt active learning communicate and cooperate with peers, contributing to students’ HOTS. Therefore, this study concluded that students can acquire HOTS by integrating an appropriate pedagogical approach.
Addressing Challenges in Design and Technology (Rekabentuk Teknologi-RBT) Subject: A Case Study on Enhancing Knowledge and Technical Skills
This research investigated the underlying issues of delivering Design and Technology (Rekabentuk Teknologi, RBT) subject in Malaysia education system and the effect of the empowerment of knowledge and technical. Some of the challenges are lack of resources, limited teacher training, lack of student interests and examination-oriented culture. School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), have taken a proactive role in enhancing the knowledge and technical skills of secondary school students in RBT subject. In line with this, a comprehensive outreach program was successfully carried out, featuring training sessions and hands-on workshops. The workshop involved 64 students of secondary school from Form 2 and Form 3 students. The students' feedback was highly positive, with many expressing increased interest in Electricity, Electronics, and Arduino programming. The hands-on experience enhanced their understanding of RBT subjects and sparked a deeper interest in STEM fields. The group project phase was particularly well-received, fostering teamwork, problem-solving, and creativity. Overall, the workshop effectively bridged theory and practical application, leaving a lasting impact on students' skills and enthusiasm for further exploration in technology and engineering.
Intan Sorfina Zainal Abidin Zainal Abidin
Teacher Sharing Classroom (TSC) program for Asas Sains Komputer (ASK) Educators: A Pilot Study on Advancing Education Digitization in Perak
Nowadays, teachers need knowledge and skills to strengthen the quality of teaching and learning for students’ achievement. However, there are teachers who are novice teachers (mentee teachers) due to non-teaching options or lack of experience in teaching Asas Sains Komputer (ASK) subjects. In addition, constraints in terms of location and time cause mentee teachers to lack exposure and knowledge sharing from expert and experienced teachers (mentor teachers). Therefore, this study aims to improve the skills of mentee teachers in teaching and learning in the subject of ASK through a co-teaching approach. The Teacher Sharing Classroom (TSC) program is a teaching and learning sharing program of Mentor Teachers from other schools to mentee teachers from other schools that is implemented online using a co-teaching approach. This study was carried out quantitatively to 30 schools of mentee teachers who taught in Form 1, Form 2 and Form 3 and there are three mentor teachers. The findings showed that through the co-teaching method, it provides new knowledge to the mentee teacher. The worksheets and materials that have been used by the mentor teacher gave the mentee teachers a new idea to plan teaching and learning lessons for topics and understand difficult topics. In addition, the mentor teacher's questioning technique can stimulate students to actively engage in teaching and learning sessions in the classroom. In conclusion, this study provides a platform for mentee teachers and mentor teachers to exchange opinions and share teaching and learning techniques and strategies with each other. The study also supports the digital education policy where this study uses new methods for future education.
Digestoville: A Multisensory and Inclusive Approach to Enhance Younger Learners’ Understanding of Human Digestive System
Many students, particularly those from under-resourced schools, struggle to grasp complex science topics like the human digestive system due to a lack of engaging and interactive teaching tools. Digestoville is a multisensory educational intervention designed to enhance younger learners' understanding of the human digestive system. By integrating tactile, auditory, and visual elements, this approach aims to make complex biological concepts accessible to students from underserved backgrounds. This is where students can touch, see, and interact with learning aids – to make science more accessible and enjoyable. Instead of relying solely on textbooks, Digestoville introduces tools like storytelling, a special apron with detachable organs, and an educational game. These tools allow students to visualize and understand how the digestive system processes food. A mixed-methods study was conducted during STEM Teach Fest with an underprivileged school to test how effective Digestoville is in improving younger learners’ understanding of digestion. The results showed that 42% of respondents were more engaged and had a better grasp of the topic. Teachers also found Digestoville helpful and adaptable to classroom settings. This study demonstrates the potential of multisensory teaching methods to bridge learning gaps, enhancing inclusivity and effectiveness in science education for younger learners. These findings underline the importance of such approaches in creating more engaging and accessible learning environments. Future research should explore the scalability of Digestoville in various educational settings.
The Impact of AI-Driven Tools on Learning Motivation: A Case Study of ChatGPT Usage Among Thai Undergraduates
This study investigates the impact of ChatGPT on the learning motivation of undergraduate students in Thailand, where the adoption of artificial intelligence in education is rapidly growing, reflecting a broader shift towards integrating AI tools into learning environments. The research employs the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) framework, focusing on six motivational dimensions: Test Anxiety, Intrinsic Goal Value, Control Beliefs, Extrinsic Goal Orientation, and Self-Efficacy for Learning and Performance. Given the unique challenges faced by Thai undergraduates in maintaining engagement and motivation in a competitive academic environment, this study highlights the critical role of learning motivation in fostering academic success. Data from Thai university students reveal that the Task Value group demonstrated the highest Orientation, Task usage of ChatGPT (100%), while the Control Beliefs group exhibited the lowest (60%). These findings align with Bandura's self-efficacy theory and studies emphasizing the role of task relevance in motivating technology use. This research underscores ChatGPT's potential to address diverse learner needs and provides actionable insights for educators and institutions to integrate AI tools effectively and ethically, fostering a supportive and dynamic learning environment.
Streamlining ABET Direct Assessment: The Potential of ChatGPT Integration in Open and Distance Engineering Education
Open and distance engineering education (ODEE) presents unique challenges for program evaluation and accreditation. Traditional ABET accreditation processes, often reliant on in-person observation and resource-intensive assessments, struggle to effectively assess the diverse learning experiences and outcomes inherent to ODEE environments. This paper proposes an LLM-enhanced framework for ABET accreditation, specifically designed to address the complexities of ODEE. The framework integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT throughout key assessment stages, from curriculum mapping and CLO weighting to examination design, attainment level setting, and student outcome reporting. This paper details how LLMs can analyze learning data, personalize assessments, provide scalable yet tailored feedback, and automate reporting, thereby enhancing the robustness, efficiency, and transparency of ABET accreditation for ODEE programs. The ethical considerations and potential limitations of LLM integration are also critically examined, highlighting the need for human oversight, data privacy safeguards, and ongoing evaluation. By embracing the capabilities of LLMs responsibly, this framework empowers ODEE programs, particularly those within a European context seeking international recognition, to demonstrate program quality, continuous improvement, and alignment with globally recognized standards in engineering education.
The Effect of Flipped Classroom to The Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Chemical Engineering Students’ Perception on Environmental Issues
The flipped classroom approach has been reported to enhance higher-order thinking skills in chemical engineering students, as evidenced by studies conducted over the past decade. These skills are crucial for addressing environmental issues and developing innovative solutions. However, many students struggle to articulate their thoughts and opinions on given topics. The flipped classroom method allows students to prepare in advance and make the most of their learning time, as outlined in the course information. This study aimed to evaluate student achievement and perceptions of the flipped classroom method, comparing it to the conventional teaching method to determine its effectiveness in improving higher-order thinking skills. A quantitative approach was employed, involving pre-tests and post-tests for unbalanced groups. Data analysis included mean calculations, paired t-tests, and ANCOVA tests. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in student achievement between the flipped classroom and conventional teaching method groups. However, the ANCOVA test revealed that the treatment group showed an increase in higher-order thinking skills. Additionally, students perceived that the flipped classroom improved their knowledge, encouraged creative thinking, and reduced the time required to learn. Despite both methods enhancing thinking skills, the flipped classroom was more effective in helping students answer questions systematically and concisely.
Impact of 3D Model-Based Online STEM Activities on Skin Anatomy and Physiology Learning Among Pharmacy Students at MiCoST
The contemporary educational landscape is increasingly recognizing the importance of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education in fostering critical thinking, creativity and problem-solving skills. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance level between control and intervention group based on a 3D model of anatomy skin through online STEM activity (CLO3). The method involved comparing between control group (n=10) and intervention group (n=3). The control group was the MiCOST’s students who did not participate in any STEM activities (non-STEM) whereby the intervention group involved the MiCOST’s students involved in STEM activities. Among three students from the intervention group, all of them achieved 10 out of 10 marks for the 3D skin model video presentation whereby the minimum marks for the control group were 5.33 only. The result found that the STEM activity helped a lot of cognitive and affective domains for students to get higher marks compared to students who were not involved in STEM activity.
The Effects of MyNanoria Mobile Applications on Students' Understanding of Nanotechnology in Chemistry Learning
This research investigates the effect of MyNanoria mobile applications in enhancing students' understanding of nanotechnologies in chemistry. This study addresses the problem of insufficient comprehension on complex nanotechnology concepts among chemistry students. It is important to understand about nanotechnology because it will affect the ability to apply knowledge in practical scenarios, including industrial fields. Employing a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pre-test and post-test approach, thirteen purposively selected students participated in the study. Data collection involved pre and post-tests using a set of seventeen multiple-choice questions to assess students' knowledge across four areas which consists of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, nanomedicine, and cancer. Statistical analysis utilizing SPSS 27.0 included descriptive statistics, normality tests, and a paired sample t-test. Findings revealed a significant improvement in post-test scores (M = 14.3846) compared to pre-test scores (M = 7.6923), with a smaller standard deviation and a highly significant p-value (< 0.001). This indicates the effectiveness of MyNanoria mobile applications in enhancing students' comprehension of nanotechnology in chemistry. The considerable effect size (r² = 0.8889) underscores the practical significance of this improvement. Consequently, this study supports the use of mobile applications like MyNanoria as valuable tools in teaching complex scientific concepts, which emphasize the need for ongoing exploration and development of technology-driven educational strategies to optimize learning outcomes in the field of nanotechnology.
Asking Phase on How to Land to The Moon: Engineering Design Process (EDP) For STEM Education
STEM education is important for the twenty-first-century student, and there are several challenges that educators face when it comes to implementing it. One of the greatest challenges in implementing STEM education in schools is addressing the misconceptions and stereotypes that surround these subjects. Some people, even teachers, believe that STEM subjects are too difficult or only suitable for certain students. This can create barriers to participation and discourage students from pursuing their interests in these fields. Theory based on Social Constructivism is the central pillar in the discussion of this article, and it focuses on the Asking Phase in Engineering Design Process (EDP). Students are required to identify the needs and constraints when university students apply the Asking Phase in one of the Engineering Design Process in a parachute activity with the title Landing to the Moon. There are four questions involved namely, how does students discuss on the main goal of the activity, resources that they have, needs or challenges to be considered, and the available resources that can overcome the challenges and achieve their goals. A case study has been designed and the method of selecting respondents is through cluster sampling, which is to choose seven groups of Science Education students at public universities in Selangor. The results of the study showed that four (4) aspects of achievement are required for the goal of the project, three (3) main resources were chosen to start the project, eight (8) challenges need to be considered, and nine (9) ways to overcome the challenges and to ultimately achieve the project.
Innovation And Chemical Entrepreneurship: Chemistry Learning Motivation Booster
Chemistry is widely regarded as one of the most challenging STEM disciplines for students pursuing further education in the science stream. Currently, the attrition rate in the field of chemistry is significant, despite the substantial impact that knowledge of chemistry has on enhancing our way of life. A strong inclination towards learning is crucial, as it will drive students to engage in passionate study and guarantee their perseverance in the subject. This study focuses on the effect of an intervention that combines innovation and chemical entrepreneurship on students' learning motivation in chemistry. To assess the students' level of enthusiasm to learn, a pre-test and post-test consisting of 25 statements were conducted before and after the module was implemented, with a two-month gap between the two tests. There were about 60 pre-university students who participated in this study, which used quasi-experimental design research. The data analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the post-test scores between the treatment group (M = 72.93, SD = 1.230) and the control group (M = 67.33, SD = 3.407), t(29) = 9.131, p > 0.05 (two-tailed). An increase in learning motivation in the treatment group suggests that innovation and chemical entrepreneurship boost student engagement and interest in learning chemistry.
Synthesis and Theoretical Studies of Organic Chalcone Compound for Potential Optoelectronics Properties
Two organic chalcone compounds, both featuring a donor-pi-acceptor (D-π-A) configuration, specifically (E)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenylthiophen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (Ch1) & (E)-4-(3-(4-phenylthiophen-2-yl) acryloyl)benzonitrile (Ch2) were meticulously designed and synthesized using the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction method. The resulting compounds were purified by repeated recrystallization in acetone solvent and single crystals were grown via a slow evaporation solution growth technique. This research centers on the computational modeling of these two chalcone compounds, employing Density Functional Theory (DFT). Molecular geometry, including bond lengths and bond angles, was determined from the DFT-optimized structures using the method B3LYP/6-311 G++(d,p) basis set in the ground state. Notably, the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, falling within the 3.1 to 3.4 eV range, indicates these compounds' suitability for facilitating efficient charge transfer. As a result, these specifically designed and computed materials hold great promise for potential use in optoelectronic devices due to their small energy gaps.
Copyright (c) 2023 International STEM Journal
Visualizing Algebra: Exploring a Gifted 3rd Grader's Problem-Solving Techniques for Enhanced Conceptual Understanding in Algebra Education
This study delves into the world of mathematical giftedness by examining the problem-solving strategies of a gifted 3rd grader in the context of algebraic equations. The research highlights the student's proficiency in creating visual representations of mathematical problems, emphasizing the potential of visualization as a valuable teaching strategy. Notably, the use of diagrams and sketches as substitutes for traditional variables like and has been instrumental in aiding comprehension. The gifted student's unique fluency in solving equations is noteworthy, showcasing a strong grasp of underlying principles. The paper underscores the potential for a transformative shift in algebra education by introducing visual representations at an early stage, prioritizing conceptual understanding. However, it's important to acknowledge that the study's focus on a single gifted 3rd grader might limit the broader applicability of its findings to more diverse student groups. Consideration of external elements, including the student's unique background and resource constraints, could potentially influence the observed outcomes and their generalizability. While the findings suggest that the use of visual representations may offer an effective strategy for improving algebra instruction, it is important to approach these implications with caution, recognizing the need for further research and evaluation to fully understand the impact of this approach.
Implementing a Direct Assessment Strategy for Outcome-Based Education in Computer Engineering: A Case Study
This article introduces an innovative approach designed to elevate the students in the context of Outcome-Based Education (OBE). Our method is tailored to overcome the constraints associated with current assessment methodologies, offering a streamlined, all-encompassing, accurate, and insightful framework. Our study addresses the limitations of traditional direct assessment in Outcome-Based Education (OBE) by proposing a novel, data-driven approach that prioritizes efficiency, comprehensiveness, and insightful evaluation. We introduce a weighted framework that classifies course materials, prioritizes Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs), and assigns different attainment levels for modules. This allows for a streamlined final exam-based assessment with consistent rubrics, culminating in a comprehensive Student Outcome Achievement (SO%) score. Our case study in a computer engineering program demonstrates successful implementation, improved learning outcomes, and valuable insights for continuous improvement. This research paves the way for a more effective and impactful OBE assessment strategy, ultimately enhancing student learning and program accreditation.Harnessing the latest developments in educational technology and pedagogical strategies, our contribution seeks to advance the realm of OBE, nurturing ongoing enhancements in the field of education.
The Effects of Eggshell and Egg Membrane Amendments on Soil and Plant Growth
The management of eggshell waste poses a considerable challenge, given its contribution to environmental pollution and the squandering of valuable soil nutrients. Traditional synthetic fertilizers have resulted in soil deterioration and environmental pollution, underscoring the urgency for more sustainable alternatives. Organic fertilizers and soil enhancements present promising options by augmenting soil quality and fostering plant growth. This investigation scrutinizes the feasibility of utilizing eggshells as organic fertilizers to tackle these concerns. Through the assessment of diverse concentrations of eggshells on the development of green bean, okra, and cucumber plants, along with their impact on soil characteristics, this study advances our comprehension of the potential of eggshells in sustainable agriculture. Three different masses of eggshell amendments (20g, 40g and 60g) along with a control group (0g) are added into the soil of three plants (green bean, okra, cucumber). Findings indicate that specific eggshell concentrations exert a positive influence on plant growth, underscoring their promise as an alternative fertilizer source. Correlation analyses (0.920 < r < 0.974) underscore the robust significance of eggshell concentrations on plant height, emphasizing the importance of precise application for optimizing plant maturation. The optimized results from the study is 9.61cm, 6.83cm and 3.11cm for cucumber, okra and green bean plants respectively. While there may be constraints related to experimental procedures and resources, this study underscores the significance of eggshell amendments in sustainable agriculture, opening the door for forthcoming research and more environmentally friendly farming techniques.
Assessment of Malaysia School Student’s Cognitive Ability Towards the Knowledge and Understanding of pH of Human Skin Through Online STEM Activity
Cognitive ability of students can be measured by level of questions through bloom taxonomy. This study is to assess secondary school student’s cognitive ability towards the knowledge and understanding of pH of human skin through STEM activity, entitle “pH of Human Skin: Acid or Base?” by asking them to answer 10 items online questionnaires by using Google Form after demonstrated them a mini experiment via Google Meet. 200 students around Malaysia involved in this activity; 49 lower form students, 49 Form 4 students and 122 Form 5 students. Level of item questions based on bloom taxonomy are 50% is remembering (C1), 20% is understanding (C2) and 30% is applying (C3). Based on the results, most of the students which is the lower form, form 4 and form 5 mastering on C1 rather than C2 and C3. They have knowledge and understanding about the pH, acid and base definition since they had study in Form 2. We can conclude that the students can’t relate the theory that studied in the class because of the lack of knowledge and understanding about the application of pH, acid and base in daily life.
Gas Leakage Detector (GD-M5) for Alarming System
There are many accidents that occurred in business premises and houses that involved in flammable gases that caused explosion last year. The cooking gas cylinder was introduced half a century passed but still the cooking gas cylinder explosion still consider as a common cases. To avoid any accident or tragedy, an effective LPG detector system are built where a product that can detect gas leaks at an early stage that has safety features to notify users. This system's primary objective is to alert the user as soon as a gas leak threat is present through the auditory and visually. This system operated well when coupled with the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), MQ-5 Sensor, and Arduino Uno. When the MQ-5 sensor detects a gas leakage above a predetermined level, it will send a signal to the Arduino Uno and activate all the preventative hardware, including the led, buzzer, and GSM Module, which will alert the user of the gas leakage. Therefore, our initiative will try to avoid any casualties and property damage.
Car Park Monitoring System (CPMoS) is a technology-driven solution to manage and optimize parking spaces in each area. One of the main advantages of this system is its ability to eliminate the use of paper tickets, which helps reduce waste and improve environmental sustainability. Instead of physical access, the system uses sensors and other advanced technologies to track and manage parking availability in real-time.Another advantage of the Car Park Monitoring System (CPMoS) is the LCD display, which can provide users with real-time information about parking spaces and directions to the nearest available space. This can help drivers reduce congestion and driver frustration, as they do not have to spend time looking for a parking space.Overall, a Car Park Monitoring System (CPMoS) can make parking management easier and more efficient. It can also help reduce waste and protect the environment.
The Development of Detection System for Bus Passenger Monitoring
The Bus Passenger Detector System (BPD) is a device that utilises electronic components to assist bus operators, particularly those in the travel bus industry. Passengers frequently miss the bus during R&R (Rest and Recuperation) due to the necessity for more time to attend to personal matters, such as using the lavatory or eating. In addition, abandoned belongings pose significant challenges for passengers to reclaim or may be susceptible to theft. The objective of this project is to effectively address and resolve both of the identified issues. In order to ensure the success of the project, it is essential to develop a fundamental report, such as a flowchart and schematic diagram, prior to the implementation of the product. This device is specifically engineered to deliver instantaneous data regarding the passenger count on the bus as well as the contents of the overhead storage compartment. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of bus operations and enhance customer convenience by delivering up-to-the-minute data on bus capacity and the whereabouts of unoccupied seats. This project is implemented based on specific criteria, including user-friendliness, ease of installation, high quality, ease of comprehension, and affordability. The Bus Passenger Detector project is an advantageous instrument for surveilling individuals and articles on a bus.
Environmental Monitoring System for Mushroom Cultivation
The project is designed to monitor temperature and humidity for the cultivation of mushrooms. The real-time temperature and humidity are displayed using a cloud allowing users to track data from anywhere. Mushrooms need a specific temperature and humidity to make sure that the mushroom can grow perfectly. At the expansion phase of the mushroom, it will need a different temperature and humidity, it can be a bit tedious to measure the temperature and humidity in the traditional way. Any drop in the temperature and humidity level for too long will damage the quality and quantity of the mushroom. The main objective of this project is to design and develop a mushroom cultivation monitor system with a programmable reading system to inform users of the current temperature and humidity to adapt to the mushroom cultivation process. This project consists of two main components an ESP32 as a microcontroller, and BME280 for temperature and humidity sensors. All the data will be sent to Favoriot. Based on the result that we get in the data stream we can conclude that our project is working and can be used for Mushroom Cultivation Environment Monitor. The value temperature between 24 °C to 26 °C is the best temperature to cultivate mushrooms and humidity is between 78% and 95% to get the best result for mushroom cultivation.
Learning Practical and Research Skills through Emergency Remote Learning (ERL)
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented disruptions to higher education by forcing campuses to close, thus shifting teaching and learning (T&L) activities to emergency remote learning (ERL). Higher learning institutions (HLI) in Malaysia were not spared, whereby ERL has become the dominant mode of T&L since March 2020. The field of life sciences faces additional challenges in ERL that remain underexplored, especially in the context of HLI in Malaysia, which is highly centralized and with limited institutional autonomy. Using equity theory as a framework and qualitative data gathered through interviews and focus group discussions, this paper aims to understand the impact of ERL by outlining the challenges faced and innovations devised to circumvent these in the development of practical skills and conducting research projects, which are seen as critical aspects of life sciences programs. Finally, we discuss ways to improve equity and quality of life science education by raising critical questions as the world continues to grapple with new waves of pandemic uncertainty.
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STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE IN REPRESENTATION IN LEARNING MATHEMATICS: ESTABLISHING VALIDITY IN A PILOT TEST
The cognitive process of representation, which is key to learning mathematics, is crucial. However, fewer guidelines are given. Since representation plays a complex role in cognition, it is essential to gather data using a qualitative approach. As a result, the purpose of this study is to pilot test a set of interview questions for the investigation of how students acquire mathematics through representation. Specifically, the objective of this study is to pilot test the instrument through interview session. The pilot work for interviews was conducted on three primary school pupils as groundwork for thesis on representation in fraction and related to pupils’ metacognition skill. The findings from this study are that several questions in the instrument need to be modified according to the responds of the pupils. From this study, it was recommended that a pilot test is needed to be done on the questions in the instrument through several interview session in order to make sure that the instrument questions can achieve to answer the objective of the study.