Journal of Design and Built Environment
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description: An International refereed Journal published since 2005 (Currently indexed by SCOPUS) Journal of Design and Built Environment (JDBE) is a SCOPUS-indexed and open-access publication by the Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya. JDBE publishes original papers resulting from research in architecture, building engineering, quantity surveys, real estate management and all disciplines related to the built environment. Journal of Design and Built Environment covers the following topics (but are not limited to): Urban Design: Development and Management Sustainable buildings, design, construction and materials Construction management and technology Building design, performance and operation Sustainable Construction and Artificial Landscape Building Services and Maintenance Energy and building Heritage Conservation System safety and reliability Indoor environmental quality Facilities management Building Information Modelling (BIM) Human interaction with the built environment Life cycle assessment Frequency: Triannual Language: English Indexing: Mycite, SCOPUS E-ISSN: 2232-1500 Inquiries: jdbe@um.edu.my Awards: Indexing:
publisher: Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya
language: en
publication name: Journal of Design and Built Environment
issn: 1823-4208
items: Modelling the Value Management Implementation Drivers for Sustainable Construction Projects
items: Correlation Between Quality of Housing and Resident Satisfaction: A Study of High-Rise Low-Cost Housing in Penang
items: Assessing Green Roof Accessibility for the Disabled Community in High-Rise Residential Buildings
items: Understanding the Semantic Attribute of Malay Architectural Ornamentation Using Semiotics Analysis
items: Exploratory Research on Architectural Methods in Analysing Urban Indoor and Outdoor Planning for Vibe-Space Design
items: Enhancing Peer Learning, Design Processes and Real-World Skills in Architectural Education through Vertical Studio Model
items: Empowering Architectural Narrative Through Urban Sketching: A Symbolic Interaction Framework for Enhancing Public Belonging in the Built Environment of Kuala Lumpur
items: Flexible Architecture: Designing Adaptive and Modular Spaces for Makerspaces in Urban Context
items: Comparing and Contrasting ‘Real and Virtual’ Cities
items: Urban Development Under Neoliberalism: Addressing Socio-Spatial Inequality in Malaysia
items: Evaluating Campus Outdoor Design Towards Students’ Smart Space
items: Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for Implementation of Automation and Robotics in Malaysia’s Industrialised Building System (IBS)
items: Numerical Simulation: Smoke Movement at Stairwell of High-rise Buildings
items: Developing and Validating the Key Attraction Criteria for Theme Park Destinations in Malaysia
items: Measuring the Cost Saving in Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
items: Essential Components of Framework for Virtual Pedagogy in Architecture Education
items: Readiness in Implementing Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) Among Conservation Practitioners in Malaysia
items: Catastrophic Flood Mapping: A Geospatial Analysis for Strategic Urban Planning
items: Principal Components of Final Accounts Closing Disputes in the Malaysian Construction Industry
items: The Impacts of Artificial Coastal Defense on Local Communities: A Case Study of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu
items: Exploring the Preferences of Local and International Students for High-Rise Residential Green Building Features
items: Formulation of Climate Adaptation Plans Using Common Reporting Framework: The Case of Four Malaysian Cities
items: A Scoping Review of Big Data Application in Assessing Rural Tourism Destination
items: Multi-Level Governance for The Integration of Social Sector Interventions and Disaster Management: A Case Study of Yogyakarta
items: Preliminary Insights into Feeder Bus Usage: A Case Study of Asia Jaya LRT Station in the Klang Valley
items: Understanding User Loyalty in Public Transport: A Comparative Review between Developed and Developing Countries
items: Developing a Strategic Roadmap for Logistics 4.0 in South Korea: An Integrated QFD and SERVQUAL Approach
items: Towards a Sustainable Campus: A Review of Plans, Policies, and Guidelines on Sustainability in Malaysian Public Higher Education Institutions
items: Corrigendum to “Expression of Architectural Form of Buoyant Montessori School Kupang” [J. Des. Built Environ. 24(2) (2024)]
items: Reviving Heritage: Integrating Adaptive Reuse in the Framework of Ecomuseums

Modelling the Value Management Implementation Drivers for Sustainable Construction Projects
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description: This study assesses the drivers of Value Management (VM) implementation for sustainable housing construction projects in Jordan, a sector facing regulatory, cost, and sustainability challenges. Drawing on 34 drivers identified from global literature, a structured questionnaire survey was performed involving 103 stakeholders in the Jordanian building industry. The data were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and validated using Partial Least Squares Structural Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results showed four critical categories of VM drivers: stakeholder engagement, knowledge, regulation, and VM adoption mechanisms. Among these, stakeholder engagement emerged as the major influential factor in enabling effective VM integration. Likewise, regulatory support and structured adoption processes were significant in strengthening implementation. The findings highlight that effective VM deployment requires not only technical competence but also proactive collaboration, informed decision-making, and policy backing. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by contextualising VM within the Jordanian building industry, a setting underrepresented in prior research, and by offering empirical proof of the unique factors shaping VM adoption in developing nations. The proposed framework provides practitioners, policymakers, and industry leaders with strategic insights into improving sustainability, reducing costs, and improving project performance. More widely, the research underscores the potential of VM to serve as a transformative tool for achieving sustainable residential development in Jordan and similar contexts.
subject: Articles
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creator: Ahmad Zamil
creator: Mohammad Alhusban
creator: Abdullah Alharkan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Design and Built Environment
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 85
ending page: 106

Correlation Between Quality of Housing and Resident Satisfaction: A Study of High-Rise Low-Cost Housing in Penang
type: item
description: As urbanization accelerates and housing demands rise, understanding the relationship between housing quality and resident satisfaction is essential to improving living conditions for low-income communities. In Penang’s high-rise, low-cost housing, growing dissatisfaction among residents is often attributed to poor design quality, leading to overcrowded living spaces, inadequate facilities, and a diminished quality of life. While previous studies have focused on affordability and basic living conditions, this research emphasizes the critical role of housing design quality in shaping resident satisfaction and well-being. This study investigates the correlation between housing quality (HQ) and housing satisfaction (HS) in high-rise, low-cost housing developments in Penang. The research examines six key elements of housing design: interior space, space utilization, unit facilities, safety and security, design elements, and building components. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 345 households across three high-density, low-cost housing schemes, each consisting of over 200 units. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between housing quality factors and resident satisfaction. Specifically, elements such as interior spaces, safety measures, and well-planned design were identified as key contributors to improved resident satisfaction. These results underscore the need for policymakers and developers to prioritize quality design and tailored interventions in addressing the challenges faced by low-cost housing communities in urban areas.
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creator: Wan Nur Rukiah Mohd Arshard
creator: Tengku Intan Suraya Tengku Aziz
creator: Wenny Arminda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 175
ending page: 192
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.12

Assessing Green Roof Accessibility for the Disabled Community in High-Rise Residential Buildings
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description: Green roofs provide significant environmental, social, and aesthetic benefits. In high-rise residential buildings, green roofs offer communal spaces for recreation. However, despite their growing adoption as a sustainable development strategy, accessibility is often overlooked, limiting their potential to support social sustainability. Hence, access for the disabled community remains a critical concern. Residential green roofs have been largely overlooked in Malaysia, as previous access audits have primarily concentrated on public and commercial buildings. The study evaluates the accessibility of green roofs in three high-rise residential buildings in Shah Alam, Malaysia, in order to resolve this gap. The Universal Design Assistant (UD-AI) tool was utilized to support a qualitative approach with an access audit that was in accordance with the Malaysian Standard MS 1184:2014. The audit identified numerous obstacles, such as inadequate signage, steep incline gradients, and restricted access to communal amenities. Fostering inclusive and resilient urban environments necessitates overcoming these obstacles. The findings provide practical guidance for policymakers, designers, and facility managers to enhance the accessibility of green roofs and promote social sustainability in high-rise residential developments.
subject: Articles
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creator: Hikmah Kamarudin
creator: Wan Zuriea Wan Ismail
creator: Mohd Shahir Mohamad Yusof
creator: Hasnizan Aksah
creator: Mohamad Rachmadian Narotama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 317
ending page: 330
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.20

Understanding the Semantic Attribute of Malay Architectural Ornamentation Using Semiotics Analysis
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description: Malay architecture represents a vital expression of cultural identity, traditionally transmitted through oral practices and craftsmanship rather than written documentation. While previous research has explored both the intrinsic and explicit attributes of Malay architecture, the symbolic interpretation of ornamentation remains underdeveloped, particularly in contemporary design practices that attempt to evoke a "Malay architectural" identity. This study addresses that gap by applying a semiotic approach to analyse the meanings embedded in Malay ornamentation. Focusing on a carved wall panel (papan ukir) from Istana Balai Besar in Kelantan, the research employs a dual-layered analysis which consist literature synthesis for ornamentation attributes and semiotic analysis based on the frameworks of Roland Barthes, Umberto Eco, and Charles Jencks. The findings reveal that Malay ornamentation functions as a culturally embedded sign system, comprising both physical (explicit) and spiritual (implicit) attributes. Among the theoretical models used, Eco's coding system proved the most effective in capturing the technical, syntactic, and semantic dimensions of ornament. This study presents a structured methodological framework for interpreting Malay architectural ornamentation, offering practical insights for architects, historians, and conservationists. It affirms the value of cultural semiotics in preserving and innovating regional architectural identity within contemporary practice.
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creator: Abu Dzar Samsudin
creator: Norzalifa Zainal Abidin
creator: Maisarah Ali
creator: Mohd Syafiq Bin Azmy
creator: Nik Mohd Faiz Nik Kamrulzaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 294
ending page: 316
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.19

Exploratory Research on Architectural Methods in Analysing Urban Indoor and Outdoor Planning for Vibe-Space Design
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description: The exploratory research in architecture deals with the three central dimensions of space quality: horizontal, vertical, and aerial components. Any internal and external functions of a unique end-user group in this research focus on the universal design. In any aspect of the age group, there are factors to consider where human sensorial is enhanced to experience the richness of flooring, walling, and roofing. Regardless of its natural looks and non-charming character, the locality of the space has a substantial influence. This research was conducted with three significant objectives: Firstly, to explore the current research methods from the current educational trend approach; secondly, to identify the best current trend approach. The third objective is to determine the best approach towards vibe-space design. In terms of methodology, this article employed document analysis, on-site analysis, precedent study and reflective analysis. The vibe-space design is supposedly validated using the best trend approach. Functionally mixed-use and living and amenity settings with personal space are the expected quality by universal end users. This high expectation of enhancement required extra detail regarding architectural methods in enhancing a high-quality Malaysian lifestyle for multi-ethnic aesthetics and economic balance. Therefore, this paper will share explorative research on the best methods to discover the vibe-space design and eternal ambience.
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creator: Zalina Samadi
creator: Ahmad Zharif Ahmad Zahir
creator: Tajulz Ariff Samsuddin
creator: Nik Mohd Faiz Nik Kamrulzaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 280
ending page: 293
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.18

Enhancing Peer Learning, Design Processes and Real-World Skills in Architectural Education through Vertical Studio Model
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description: The Vertical Studio model has gained recognition in architectural education for fostering peer learning, collaboration and creativity development. The approach brings together junior and senior students in a collaborative, cross-level learning environment to encourage design exploration and professional readiness. However, the application in Southeast Asia is presently limited, requiring further investigation into its effectiveness. This study evaluates the implementation of the Vertical Studio approach in the final year of the Master of Architecture programme at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam, Selangor. It investigates student perceptions on collaborative learning, design process development, and the role of cluster placement, utilising a structured questionnaire survey. The findings show that the Vertical Studio promotes active peer mentorship and knowledge exchange, enabling students to gain from various viewpoints and skill sets. The Vertical Studio effectively integrates academic theory and real-world experience, equipping students with competencies that align with industry expectations. However, there are also challenges, including finding the right balance between mentoring responsibilities and individual project focus, as well as clarity within clusters or themes. This research contributes to the discourse on innovative pedagogical approaches in architectural education by endorsing the Vertical Studio, which enhances student performance and prepares them for professional endeavours.
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creator: Aidatul Fadzlin Bakri
creator: Nik Farhanah Nik Azhari
creator: Zalina Samadi
creator: Embong Mohamad
creator: Nurulhusna Qamaruz Zaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 263
ending page: 279
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.17

Empowering Architectural Narrative Through Urban Sketching: A Symbolic Interaction Framework for Enhancing Public Belonging in the Built Environment of Kuala Lumpur
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description: Urban environments in Malaysia, particularly Kuala Lumpur, are witnessing a growing detachment between citizens and architectural identity. Urban sketching presents a bottom-up method of engagement that may restore public connection with the built environment. This study aims to develop a symbolic interaction framework that integrates urban sketching, architectural narrative, and critical thinking to enhance a sense of belonging in urban spaces. Drawing from sociology, psychology, and anthropology, a qualitative case study was conducted using a phenomenographic lens. Data were collected from 12 participants in KL Sketch Nation’s sketchwalks, through semi-structured interviews, sketch documentation, and field observation. Thematic coding was applied to generate outcome spaces representing symbolic, personal, and interactive dimensions of sketching experiences. Findings reveal that urban sketching facilitates three experiential dimensions: (1) symbolic encounters with architectural elements, (2) personal disposition through critical thinking, and (3) participatory interactive pattern fostering community connection. These informed a five-phase action framework for architectural narrative communication. Urban sketching operates as both a symbolic and cognitive tool that empowers individuals to construct meaning and foster urban belonging. The developed framework contributes to participatory urbanism and aligns with the SDG 11 goals for inclusive and resilient cities.
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creator: Ahmad Hakym Ahmad Hilmy
creator: Khairul Aidil Azlin Abd Rahman
creator: Azlan Ariff Ali Ariff
creator: Kamal Mohd Idris
creator: Liyana Mahfuzah Mohd For
creator: Mujahid Nawazir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 250
ending page: 262
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.16

Flexible Architecture: Designing Adaptive and Modular Spaces for Makerspaces in Urban Context
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description: Flexible and collaborative workspaces have become increasingly common with the rise of the maker movement. Makerspaces are hubs for creativity, education, and innovation, yet many adopt rigid designs that limit diverse activities, user groups, and equipment learning. This research investigates Flexible Architecture for the creation of adaptable spaces in makerspaces, increasing their utility and resilience. The study seeks to design a framework for modular adaptive spaces that accommodate varied user needs and technological advancements over time. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates site analysis, case studies of existing makerspaces, and validation of architectural solutions, alongside qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys of a broader user base. The study identifies key adaptive elements such as modular construction, multifunctional components, and reconfigurable layouts. The significance of this research lies in offering a new perspective on architectural design in innovative environments, emphasizing flexibility, sustainability, user engagement, scalability, budget considerations and community engagement. Findings contribute to understanding how makerspaces can be designed to remain future proof, that support collaboration, creativity, and technological development in urban contexts.
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creator: Isqandar Hadi Mansor
creator: Nik Mohd Faiz Nik Kamrulzaman
creator: Erdayu Os’hara Omar
creator: Muhammad Firdaus Mohamed Rafie
creator: Atthaillah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 230
ending page: 249
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.15

Comparing and Contrasting ‘Real and Virtual’ Cities
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description: The rise of the digital age has made the merging of video games with other media a common occurrence. The field of architecture is also subject to this collaboration. Architecture is now a prominent component of video game production, with increasingly elaborate games requiring more immersive virtual environments. Identical recreations of real-life buildings, cities and natural environments are increasing within video games. However, designing buildings for a virtual space is fundamentally different to making architecture for real-life use. This is due to how differently real-life and virtual environments are perceived. Human beings experience the real world with their eyes, while gamers experience the virtual world through in-game cameras. Both tools of visual perception come with different fields of vision. Add to that the boundless nature of a virtual environment and the playability element of a video game. These factors indicate that making architecture within video games must have different design nuances compared to their real-life counterparts. The gap in knowledge lies in the potential for said nuances to be applicable for designing real-life cities. The design of cities for critically successful open-world video games are often acknowledged as vibrant, engaging, interactive and visually pleasing. All the qualities we hope to see reflected in our real cities. In the pursuit of this, questions will be asked about in-game design methods that are insulated from our conservative understanding of architecture and scale. Can said methods then be applied to benefit real-life cities and urban environments? Can video games be a medium for teaching architecture student alternative approaches to designing better cities? The research seeks to discover novel ways to design the built environment, sourced from within video games. But to achieve this aim, understanding the physical elements that make an impactful city image must take precedence. A comparative study needs to…
subject: Articles
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creator: Munif Malek
creator: Zalina Samadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 212
ending page: 229
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.14

Urban Development Under Neoliberalism: Addressing Socio-Spatial Inequality in Malaysia
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description: This study examines how neoliberal urban planning practices since the 1990s have reshaped urban development in Malaysia’s major cities and contributed to socio-spatial inequality. It focuses on the dichotomy between organically developed Incrementally Developed Areas (IDAs) and planned Privately Developed Areas (PDAs), with informal settlements and gentrification processes taking center stage. Case studies from Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru illustrate the coexistence of unplanned low-income communities and modern upscale settlements, highlighting the tensions between rapid economic growth and social equity. The analysis is conducted in three stages: (1) an overview of the changes in urban governance under neoliberal policies, (2) an assessment of the impact on the built environment and demographic patterns, and (3) a statistical assessment of socio-spatial inequality. Socio-economic indicators – including income levels and distribution, housing conditions, access to basic infrastructure, gentrification trends and displacement rates – are used to compare IDAs and PDAs. The results show significant differences between IDAs and PDAs and provide insights into the challenges facing urban communities in the midst of market-driven development. The study concludes with policy recommendations to promote more inclusive urban growth and reduce inequality in Malaysia’s cities, contributing to a deeper understanding of the impact of neoliberal urbanism on social justice and spatial equity.
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creator: Ahmad Zharif Ahmad Zahir
creator: Mohd Faris Khamidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 193
ending page: 211
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.13

Evaluating Campus Outdoor Design Towards Students’ Smart Space
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description: The user-friendly, comfortable campus, eco-friendly setting, high speed and connectivity of the online environment and green approach, often seen as a single entity in campus design projects, play a significant role in the design of built resources projects. Implementing the Livable Campus agenda in projects is advantageous, mainly when a team adopts a new design process to achieve design sustainability. This can lead to sustainable designs in the Students’ Smart Space (SSS) outdoor design projects. Most studies have focused on identifying the essential criteria that lead to innovative future space design in new campus development settings. The 2024 Sustainable Campus for Index discovery is limited to Campus Building design, interior design and it is found that does not cover the campus outdoors quality. This study aims to identify the outdoor intelligent space pattern in the occupied stages of the retrofit campus from the end-users’ perspective for students’ outdoor space in between campus buildings. A semi-structured questionnaires was distributed amongst students through the appointed lecturers as the researcher’s representative in three campuses of the Faculty of Built Environment in Puncak Alam Selangor (PAC), Seri Iskandar Campus, Perak (SIC), and Kota Samarahan, Sarawak (KSC); to achieve the research aim. The Index Seven approach of SSS to analysis revealed the selected areas or clusters along with a critical supporting factor. The investigation revealed three ideas for the pre-study and study stages and one for the post-study stage. The findings unveiled that to provide a practical tool in measuring the quality of the outdoor students’ space shall be made as a compulsory check on measuring feedback from students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nur Zafirah Shahidan
creator: Zalina Samadi
creator: Hailane Salam
creator: Mohamad Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 160
ending page: 174
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.11

Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for Implementation of Automation and Robotics in Malaysia’s Industrialised Building System (IBS)
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description: The use of automation and robotics in IBS commonly deals with uncertainties and complexities, thus requiring strategies to achieve successful results. Despite the support and assistance from various government departments and private sector for the development of automation and robotics in IBS, this has been the subject of very few studies. Nevertheless, there is increasing awareness among the IBS stakeholders of the use of automation and robotics to influence IBS project success. Thus, this study is carried out to identify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and determine the relationship between identified CSFs with successful use of automation and robotics in Malaysian IBS, indirectly developing the CSFs conceptual model. The conceptual model is composed by exogenous latent variables (LVs); namely Strategy, People, Process and Technologies and one endogenous LV which is Success Criteria for Automation and Robotics in Malaysian IBS. The study presents empirical evidence from a survey in Klang Valley, where 201 sets of questionnaires were analysed using PLS-SEM to test the conceptual model. The indicators for these enablers and result criteria were extracted from the past literature and by a pilot study. The finding indicates that Strategy (β=0.151; t-value=1.749), Process (β=0.524; t-value=5.432) and Technology (β=0.175; t-value=2.11) have a significant relationship with the successful use of automation and robotics in IBS. However, the People element (β=-0.006; t-value=0.078) was found to have a statistically insignificant relationship, thus suggesting the moderating role for this element as a topic for future research.
subject: Articles
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creator: Mohd Najib Abd Rashid
creator: Low Sui Pheng
creator: Mohd Reeza Yusof
creator: Sallehan Ismail
creator: Muhammad Naim Mahyuddin
creator: Mohamed Rizal Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 142
ending page: 159
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.10

Numerical Simulation: Smoke Movement at Stairwell of High-rise Buildings
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description: The number of high-rise buildings in Kuala Lumpur is increasing at an alarming rate. For every high-rise building, the safe evacuation route, the stairwell, plays a crucial role. This aim of this paper is to investigate the smoke movement in stairwells as the safe evacuation route used in high-rise buildings for smoke safety management. The method used in this research paper is an experimental study using simulation. The simulation program used in this research is PyroSim, a software originally derived from another software, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), which uses large-eddy simulation (LES) method. It is then tested on a 17-floor stairwell model with 12 different variants. The results from the simulation experiments show that the location of the fire source (fire floor) does influence smoke movement. It is observed that the smoke movement typically moves upwards during a fire event, but if the above floor or ceiling is already filled enough with smoke, due to the turbulent mixing happening, the smoke would also move downwards towards the lower floor. Furthermore, the opening affects/influences the strength of the stack effect in the smoke diffusion. The higher the opening height, the stronger the strength of the stack effect would be. In addition, the existence of an opening on the same level as the fire floor would create a path for the smoke to exit through. This has created an insight and overview on what to consider during a fire evacuation process to maintain visibility for the evacuees.
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creator: Nurul Shafiqah Abdullah
creator: Nurul Liyana Hanapi
creator: Rabiatul Adawiyyah Abd Apet
creator: Mohd Syafiq Azmy
creator: Nurul Amira Abd Jalil
creator: Melati Tatriwartami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 123
ending page: 141
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.9

Developing and Validating the Key Attraction Criteria for Theme Park Destinations in Malaysia
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description: The theme park industry in Malaysia has experienced substantial growth since the 1970s, yet several parks have faced closure due to increasing competition and changing visitor expectations. While previous studies have examined factors influencing tourism destinations, limited research has explored how specific theme park criteria (core, tangible, and augmented) contribute to long-term success. This study aims to identify and validate the key criteria for theme parks in Malaysia. A two-phase approach was employed: the Content Validity was used to evaluate the relevance and clarity of proposed criteria through expert assessment (n=7) and measured using Content Validity Ratio (CVR), followed by Construct Validity using an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of survey responses from 202 visitors. The findings refined and consolidated the key criteria into ten constructs for theme park attractions. The findings will provide valuable insights about identifying the criteria that determine the success of theme parks in Malaysia and thereby making substantial contributions to both academic knowledge and industry practices.
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creator: Norajlin Jaini
creator: Hairul Nizam Ismail
creator: Mohamad Fadhli Rashid
creator: Ahmad Nazrin Aris Anuar
creator: Abdulbasit Almhafdy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 110
ending page: 122
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.8

Measuring the Cost Saving in Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
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description: Building Information Modelling (BIM) has many benefits that could be complex in nature, which call for in-depth examinations into these benefit attributes. While past research often examined these benefits in isolation, this paper looks at how they relate to each other as a strategic step to analyze the quantification technique used by similar measurement metrics. This study examines the measurement process employed in previous studies to measure cost savings from reduced variation and changes using BIM. This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review (SLR) of ten (10) articles. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and analyzed using meta-ethnography and thematic qualitative analysis. The measurement processes used by past studies were analyzed in terms of detailed measurement techniques, including the steps, measurement units, and sources of data collection. The findings show that the measurement metric, particularly using cost avoidance, provides a robust mechanism for measuring these savings from reduced variations and changes. The basic steps for the cost avoidance approach were proposed based on the reviewed articles. This includes categorizing issues, performing counterfactual assessments, and conducting valuation processes. This paper helps researchers and policymakers to consider an applied measurement technique to improve efficiency in evaluating BIM benefits.
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creator: Hanan-Allah Mohamed
creator: Norfashiha Hashim
creator: Norazian Mohamad Yusuwan
creator: Mohd Eezat Tamrin
creator: Ilias Said
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 91
ending page: 109
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.7

Essential Components of Framework for Virtual Pedagogy in Architecture Education
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description: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted traditional educational practices, forcing institutions to transition to remote or online modalities. This is particularly challenging for architecture education, which has historically relied on the design studio, a highly collaborative and hands-on learning environment. The sudden shift to virtual learning has highlighted the constraints and potential of digital platforms in supporting architectural pedagogy. However, the results seem to be quite unsatisfactory from both teachers & student community on the usage of virtual learning platforms for teaching and learning purposes due to the non-availability of dedicated tools or platforms for delivering architecture education. This study aims to identify the essential components of the framework for virtual pedagogy in architecture education. The research methodology employed in this study involves a systematic literature review of relevant academic sources to identify the key components of a virtual pedagogy framework for architecture education. While these studies provide valuable insights, there remains a need to synthesize the key findings into a cohesive framework to guide the development of virtual pedagogy in architecture education.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Mohammad Salman
creator: Zalina Samadi
creator: Mohammad Saquib
creator: Zaharah Mohd Yusoff
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 74
ending page: 90
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.6

Readiness in Implementing Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) Among Conservation Practitioners in Malaysia
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description: Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is receiving significant attention in the architectural heritage field due to its ability to support the management of heritage conservation processes worldwide. It is a multidisciplinary technique and useful for managing and recording historical buildings. This research study explores the readiness of conservation practitioners to implement HBIM in documenting and conserving architectural heritage in Malaysia. Data on heritage conservation in Malaysia has been collected from related bodies. The present study employed a combination of questionnaire surveys and literature review as its methodology. The result reveals that in terms of practitioners' knowledge or awareness, it can be concluded that their understanding of HBIM remains low. Regarding organisation readiness, it can be determined that their readiness to adopt HBIM is extremely low. In the context of challenges, it is possible to infer that their readiness is poor based on their challenges. Therefore, this research may prove the readiness level among conservation practitioners to adopt this technology. This study is also crucial in giving conservation practitioners strategies to improve their readiness to implement HBIM in future conservation works.
subject: Articles
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creator: Shahrul Yani Said
creator: Mohammad Hafiz Ahmad
creator: Desy Aryanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 61
ending page: 73
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.5

Catastrophic Flood Mapping: A Geospatial Analysis for Strategic Urban Planning
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description: In Malaysia, Floods frequently occur, particularly during the monsoon season when heavy rainfall overwhelms drainage systems, resulting in flash floods. Rapid urbanisation, inadequate drainage, and limited flood management infrastructure exacerbate the situation, and Kuala Lumpur frequently experiencing flash floods that cause significant property damage and economic losses. Despite these challenges, the lack of detailed flood susceptibility maps hinders sustainable urban planning and proactive flood management. This study developed a flood vulnerability map for Kuala Lumpur to address this gap. Thematic maps were used to categorise the area into five susceptibility zones: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The map, created using a weighted overlay method, was integrated into GIS technology. Four primary flood risk factors were analysed: river proximity, rainfall distribution, slope, and elevation. The results classified 29.26% of the area in the moderate susceptibility, while 24.98% and 23.64% in the high and very high zones, respectively. The remaining areas are classified as low (16.25%) and very low (5.78%) susceptibility. These flood susceptibility maps provide essential insights for targeted flood mitigation and improved urban planning in Kuala Lumpur. These maps support targeted measures to mitigate flood impacts, helping to strengthen the city's resilience and ensure more sustainable urban development.
subject: Articles
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creator: Roslina Idris
creator: Mohamad Taufiq Mohamad Saleh
creator: Miguel Angel Esquivias
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 45
ending page: 60
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.4

Principal Components of Final Accounts Closing Disputes in the Malaysian Construction Industry
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description: Disputes in the closing of the final accounts have long been an issue in the Malaysian construction industry, leading to negative impacts on the reputation of construction projects and financial strains on contracting parties. This study aims to identify the critical factors that establish the principal component for disputes in closing final accounts. A comprehensive literature review identified various related factors contributing to disputes in the closing of the final accounts. Consequently, quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire survey to include the perspectives of construction industry professionals on the identified factors. A total of 257 responses were collected. Subsequently, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was utilised for dimension reduction, and five principal components were revealed and discussed. These components include the evaluation process, contractual management, project team incompetencies, professional ethics, and unforeseen events. Notably, identifying these critical factors and principal components provides valuable insights for construction stakeholders to understand the root causes of disputes and take proactive measures to prevent them before disputes occur. This study’s findings contribute to the existing knowledge on final accounts closing disputes in the Malaysian construction industry. They can serve as a reference for stakeholders to improve the closing process of final accounts and to reduce disputes.
subject: Articles
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creator: Mohd Khairul Fitri Othman
creator: Siti Suhana Judi
creator: Zulhabri ismail
creator: Low Sui Pheng
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 29
ending page: 44
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.3

The Impacts of Artificial Coastal Defense on Local Communities: A Case Study of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu
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description: Kuala Nerus' shoreline is protected from coastal erosion using artificial coastal defense. Breakwaters, groynes, and revetments are some artificial coastal defenses constructed. However, since 2016, coastal erosion has continued to worsen. This study analyzes the correlation between local communities' perspectives on the sufficiency of artificial coastal defense built and the impacts on economic, social, and environmental aspects. It determines the proposed mitigation measures for coastal protection from the perspectives of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, the Public Works Department, and the East Coast Region Development Council (ECRDC), Terengganu. Two questionnaire surveys were employed: an online survey conducted with 150 residents along a 3 km coastal strip and a face-to-face interview with nine individuals from the agencies. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS, Spearman Correlation Analysis, and Descriptive Analysis. The data acquired demonstrated no significant correlation between the perceptions of local communities. The coefficient value obtained was between 0.0 and +-0.2, which is considered a low correlation. Mangrove replanting was the solution that most respondents from the agencies agreed upon.
subject: Articles
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creator: Norashikin Ahmad Kamal
creator: Hurin Hazwani Hasnu
creator: Norinah Abdul Rahman
creator: Rohaslinda Ramele Ramli
creator: Sangmin Shin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 17
ending page: 28
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.2

Exploring the Preferences of Local and International Students for High-Rise Residential Green Building Features
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description: This study explored the preference for green building features among local and international students in high-rise residential buildings. A lack of studies was identified regarding how regional and international students differed in their prioritization of green building features when choosing accommodations. Thus, this research aimed to examine preferences for green building features among students in high-rise buildings in Selangor, specifically focusing on Green Condominium in Shah Alam. A mixed-method approach was applied in this research. Firstly, an interview was conducted with the property manager to identify the green building features present in the case study. Secondly, a questionnaire survey was distributed to the respondents to analyse the green building features in high-rise residential buildings. Then the data was analyzed using descriptive analysis and the Relative Important Index (RII). The findings show that local students emphasize recycling and resource conservation. Meanwhile, international students prioritize water efficiency and healthier living environments. These findings revealed beneficial information to developers and policymakers to implement green features. Thereby, they can promote environmental sustainability while pleasing residents’ satisfaction. Thus, based on these findings, this research suggests enhancing water efficiency features, investing in solar energy, encouraging recycling and resource conservation. Adopting these recommendations could significantly improve sustainability in high-rise residential buildings and enhance the environmental awareness of the students.
subject: Articles
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creator: Nurul Afiqah Azmi
creator: Rabiatul Addawiyah Jasmi
creator: Ahmad Tajjudin Rozman
creator: Maszuwita Abdul Wahab
creator: Nor Aini Salleh
creator: Zainab Jagun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 01
ending page: 16
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVII.1

Formulation of Climate Adaptation Plans Using Common Reporting Framework: The Case of Four Malaysian Cities
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description: Enhancing resilience in developing country cities is vital due to their susceptibility to climate change impacts. Therefore, crafting effective climate adaptation plans is essential. However, the lack of attention to the framework and processes for developing such plans persists, as Malaysia is currently formulating a national adaptation policy, resulting in unclear institutional frameworks for its cities. This paper operationalizes the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM) Common Reporting ramework (CRF) as a primary guide for climate adaptation plans in four Malaysian cities—Muar, Penampang, Tawau, and Hang Tuah Jaya. Each city has unique characteristics. The three key phases involve: (i) foundation preparation (i.e., obtaining buy-in and commitment from policymakers; (ii) climate risk and vulnerability assessment (i.e., requiring secondary climatic data and context-specific knowledge from local stakeholders via focused group discussions); and (iii) formulation of adaptation plans (i.e., identifying and prioritizing appropriate adaptation policy options and strategies). The GCOM-CRF is commended for its flexibility and comprehensiveness addressing multidimensional climatic hazards and adaptation actions. The standardized, evidence-based, and collaborative process aligns with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement. However, achieving a comprehensive climate action plan requires considering the mitigation pillar, detailed implementation roadmap, key implementers, technology partners, project timeframe, financial allocation, and monitoring.
subject: Articles
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creator: Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling
creator: Loon Wai Chau
creator: Sing Yee Toh
creator: Bor Tsong Teh
creator: Chin Siong Ho
creator: Siti Hajar Misnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 120
ending page: 134
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.7

A Scoping Review of Big Data Application in Assessing Rural Tourism Destination
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description: This scoping review explores the application of big data in assessing rural tourism destinations, with a focus on how AI-driven analytics, smart tourism tools, and digital platforms contribute to planning, management, and sustainability. Although digital innovation has advanced rapidly in urban tourism contexts, a significant research gap exists regarding its application in rural areas. Addressing this gap, the review synthesises recent empirical literature to provide thematic insights, and a conceptual understanding of how big data informs rural tourism development. Guided by the PRISMA-ScR framework, the study examines 11 articles sourced from Scopus and Web of Science. Three major themes emerged: (1) Technological Integration and Infrastructure Challenges, (2) Economic and Social Impacts, and (3) Policy and Governance. This review contributes to the discourse by mapping the digital transformation landscape in rural tourism and highlighting both opportunities and barriers. Future research directions and practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders are discussed to support inclusive and sustainable tourism development.
subject: Articles
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creator: Rosilawati Zainol
creator: Faros Fadzira Roslan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 107
ending page: 119
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.6

Multi-Level Governance for The Integration of Social Sector Interventions and Disaster Management: A Case Study of Yogyakarta
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description: Poor communities in both urban and rural areas shoulder a double burden of poverty and heightened exposure to natural hazards. Disaster interventions must therefore address both prevention and mitigation simultaneously. Integrating social sector initiatives, especially poverty reduction measures, with disaster management is essential. Social protection (SP) is a targeted poverty reduction tool that lessens economic and social risks for vulnerable households. SP aims to protect, prevent, and promote livelihoods by offering a platform for comprehensive strategies tackling disaster and climate-related impacts. This study examines whether Indonesia’s national and local governance structures facilitate such integration, with a focus on national policies and a case study of Yogyakarta Province. This research employed a qualitative design, incorporating content analysis, literature review, document analysis, and focus group discussions. The results showed that the government has introduced Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) to align social protection, disaster management, and climate adaptation at the national level. At the local level, Yogyakarta has advanced further with strong civil society engagement through the Disaster Risk Reduction Forum, also known as the Forum PRB. Integrating disaster management with social initiatives through the four pillars of ASP (institution, program, data, and financing) is still in its infancy nationally. By contrast, at the local level, Yogyakarta has made significant progress, with advanced collaboration among actors and social sectors, primarily focusing on education, health, and some aspects of social protection.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Irene Sondang Fitrinitia
creator: Komara Djaja
creator: Mochamad Fahry
creator: Esty Suyanti
creator: Jelang Ramadhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 89
ending page: 106
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.5

Preliminary Insights into Feeder Bus Usage: A Case Study of Asia Jaya LRT Station in the Klang Valley
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description: Addressing traffic congestion issues and promoting sustainable transportation in the Klang Valley is achievable by integrating feeder services with rail stations to extend connectivity beyond the existing rail coverage. This study examines the spatial patterns of feeder bus ridership in Petaling Jaya, which features one of the oldest LRT stations in the area. Two complementary feeder bus routes were analysed to visualise the current demand within urban transportation networks at each bus stop along the routes. Using big data, the feeder bus dataset from Asia Jaya LRT Station was obtained through smart card transactions that recorded passenger boarding and alighting. The research employed spatial analysis tools using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and explored the temporal dimensions of feeder bus usage to provide insights into peak travel periods. Results revealed significant disparities in ridership among various geographic areas that could not be attributed to random chance. The study highlighted potential factors influencing ridership, including land use characteristics, accessibility to points of interest, and demographic considerations. These findings offer a foundation for further research in this domain. The study’s outcomes, encompassing ridership trends, provide valuable insights for urban planners and transport authorities to enhance feeder bus services, improve connectivity, and ultimately increase the efficiency of public transportation networks.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Maisarah Abdul Halim
creator: Nur Aulia Rosni
creator: Teh Bor Tsong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 74
ending page: 88
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.4

Understanding User Loyalty in Public Transport: A Comparative Review between Developed and Developing Countries
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description: This article presents findings from a systematic comparative review of literature related to public transport user loyalty. Over the past decade, public transportation has become an essential component of urban mobility, and one of the factors that can influence the long-term viability of public transit is user loyalty. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the factors that influence user loyalty in public transportation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of research on user loyalty in public transport to identify the main factors that influence public transport user loyalty. This literature review adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach, encompassing studies conducted in various countries and further categorized into developing and developed countries. The findings of this study demonstrate that five primary factors influence public transportation user loyalty: satisfaction, service quality, perceived value, and comfort. The main difference between developing and developed countries is that developing countries are influenced by socio-economic factors, image, and suitable behavior. Meanwhile, developed countries are influenced by critical incidents, environmental attitudes, involvement, and sustainable behavior. Furthermore, this study also highlights the significance of psychological elements, including emotion, expectation, the image of public transport, and environmental attitude, in shaping user loyalty. By providing insights into the factors influencing public transport user loyalty, this article offers valuable insights into the differences between developed and developing countries in creating more sustainable urban mobility.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Isro Saputra
creator: I Gusti Ayu Andani
creator: Heru Purboyo Hidayat Putro
creator: Puspita Dirgahayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Design and Built Environment
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 73
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.3

Developing a Strategic Roadmap for Logistics 4.0 in South Korea: An Integrated QFD and SERVQUAL Approach
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description: The rapid advancement of technology has significantly increased the complexity of logistics planning, necessitating enhanced collaboration among diverse sectors, including urban planning, ports, aviation, and railways. This study presents an integrated approach to establishing technology priorities and developing a roadmap for implementing Logistics 4.0 in South Korea's urban environments. The methodology begins with identifying key logistics technologies and trends through a comprehensive literature analysis. Customer needs are then assessed using the SERVQUAL model, which has been restructured to better reflect logistics service characteristics. Finally, the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology is applied to prioritize technologies through expert surveys, leading to the development of a strategic roadmap. This roadmap outlines sequential development paths within each group while highlighting inter-group relationships, providing practical guidelines for implementing smart city logistics systems. The analysis identifies three top-priority technologies: Smart Last-Mile Delivery Hubs, Smart Logistics Terminals, and Delivery Robots. The research reveals four distinct technology groups: logistics hub technologies, air logistics technologies, ground-based logistics technologies, and digital environment technologies. This lays the groundwork for integrating various sectors and technologies to provide a unified vision for the future of logistics.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Yujung Kim
creator: Sungho Hur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 47
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.2

Towards a Sustainable Campus: A Review of Plans, Policies, and Guidelines on Sustainability in Malaysian Public Higher Education Institutions
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description: Higher education institutions (HEIs) are central to promoting and implementing a sustainability agenda. In Malaysia, fostering sustainability in campus development is gaining significance, addressing not only environmental but also social and economic dimensions of sustainability. Although many HEIs have committed to sustainable practices aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a comprehensive evaluation of strategic planning for sustainable development within Malaysian public HEIs remains limited. To address this gap, this paper reviews 63 sustainability-related documents retrieved from the official websites of 20 Malaysian public HEIs from 2018 to 2023. These documents, comprising 32% policies, 41% reports, and 27% blueprints, were analyzed using a qualitative methodology based on web document analysis. The research reveals that 85% of Malaysian HEIs have adopted a Sustainability Action Plan, demonstrating strong overall commitment. Analysis using the community-colored bipartite network graph further highlights varied engagement with specific policies, showing that the Sustainability Action Plan is widely adopted, whereas initiatives such as Green Procurement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Alignment have limited uptake. This variation presents opportunities for less engaged HEIs to improve their sustainability efforts by learning from best practices. Overall, this study offers important evidence that advances the understanding of sustainability practices in higher education, highlighting the pivotal role of public universities in driving a more sustainable and conscientious campus development landscape.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurzalikha Sa’adi
creator: Salfarina Abd Gapor
creator: Faisal Tamrulan
creator: Asmah Alia Mohamad Bohari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Design and Built Environment
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 22
doi: 10.22452/jdbe.spVI.1

Corrigendum to “Expression of Architectural Form of Buoyant Montessori School Kupang” [J. Des. Built Environ. 24(2) (2024)]
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description: The authors regret that there were errors in in Fig. 4 and 5 of the printed version of the above article. Thus, Fig. 4 and 5 needs corrections. The authors would like to clarify that those corrections do not affect any discussions, results, and conclusions exhibited in the rest of the original article. The correct and final version follows. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. Corrigendum Fig. 4: The corrected figure is shown as below.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Reginaldo Christophori Lake
creator: Anindhita Nugroho Sunartio
creator: Pilipus Jeraman
creator: Dwight Dominiques Saviola Edo Djoka Jeraman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-29
publication date: 2025-08-29
starting page: 01
ending page: 01

Reviving Heritage: Integrating Adaptive Reuse in the Framework of Ecomuseums
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description: Ecomuseums serve as community-driven, place-based institutions that integrate tangible and intangible heritage with environmental stewardship. This open concept positions heritage not as a static artefact but as a living system shaped through local participation, cultural continuity, and ecological responsibility. Yet, rapid urbanisation and shifting societal demands have rendered many heritage buildings to disuse, neglect and eventual demolition. Conventional conservation practices struggle to keep these sites socially relevant or environmentally sustainable, leading towards the erosion of the cultural landscape. This study aims to (1) investigate how adaptive reuse can revitalise heritage structures, (2) examine the capacity of Ecomuseums to foster community participation and environmental education, and (3) identify sustainable conservation practices that emerge from integrating adaptive reuse within Ecomuseum frameworks. Using a document analysis approach, the research reviews literature and archival documents to enable a critical synthesis of theoretical perspectives, practical examples, and sustainability principles relevant to heritage conservation. The analysis reveals that adaptive reuse significantly enhances the lifecycle and social relevance of historic buildings. At the same time, Ecomuseums provide participatory platforms that deepen community engagement and environmental awareness, underscoring that integrating both approaches supports sustainable conservation. The findings highlight the importance of community-centred heritage strategies and the need for design innovations that navigate the complexities of historical integrity and present-day use. Building on these insights, future studies may develop a comprehensive framework toolkit to assist architects, planners, and policymakers in operationalising adaptive reuse within Ecomuseum models across diverse cultural and geographical contexts.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Nur Diyanah Ahmad Qisti
creator: Liyana Hasnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Design and Built Environment
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 182
ending page: 201